Detection of fetal structural abnormalities at the 11–14 week ultrasound scan

The aim of this study was to evaluate the detection of fetal structural abnormalities by the 11–14 week scan. 2853 pregnant women were submitted to a routine ultrasound scan between the 11th and 14th week and the fetal skull, brain, spine, abdominal wall, limbs, stomach and bladder were examined. Following the scans the patientes were examined in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. An isolated increased nuchal translucency was not considered an abnormality. However, these patients had an early echocardiography assessment. Fetal structural abnormalities were classified as major or minor and of early or late onset. A total of 130 (4.6%) defects were identified and 29 (22.3%) of these were diagnosed at the 11–14 week scan, including nine cardiac defects associated with increased nuchal translucency. The antenatal ultrasound detection rate was 71.5%, and 31.2% were detected in the first-trimester assessment. 78.8% of the major defects were diagnosed by the prenatal scan and 37.8% by the 11–14 week scan. Fetal structural abnormalities at the 11–14 week scan were detected in approximately 22.3% of the cases, therefore, a second-trimester anomaly scan is important in routine antenatal care to increase the prenatal detection of fetal defects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江Ⅰ级阶地某深基坑地下水控制分析

对于地处长江I级阶地的深基坑工程而言,由于其地层软弱、水文地质条件复杂、周边建筑密集等原因,地下水的有效控制成为基坑开挖成败的关键。本文以位于湖北荆州市繁华中心城区的地下商业城某深基坑工程为例,通过理论分析和经验判断,提出采用竖向隔水帷幕+深井降水的综合方案来控制深基坑地下水问题,即在弱透水层的潜水和承压水采用在支护桩之间施打高压旋喷桩形成竖向隔水帷幕,在强透水层的承压水采用井管降水的方法来控制基坑地下水,但降水井的深度要适当。经过工程实践验证表明,弱透水层的潜水、承压水的处置措施得当,可为富水复杂环境地质条件下的深基坑工程的设计与施工提供借鉴。     

上海市典型畜禽养殖场雨水径流中PPCPs的输移特性

以上海市某大型畜禽养殖场为研究区域,揭示了该养殖场雨水径流中19种药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）的存在水平和时间变化规律,阐明了雨水径流的初期冲刷效应.结果表明,不同采样时间点雨水径流样品中目标PPCPs浓度范围为0.62~166ng/L,15种PPCPs检出率可达100%;目标PPCPs在降雨前期（径流产生的15~30min）出现浓度峰值,随后浓度降低并趋于稳定;通过描述径流污染输出负荷同径流量关系的L_P-F曲线和前30%径流流量排放的污染物负荷比指标（FF30）进一步证明该养殖场雨水径流中PPCPs具有显著的初期冲刷效应;研究结果为有效控制畜禽养殖场雨水径流中PPCPs污染提供了重要参考.     

东莞不同下垫面降雨径流污染输移规律研究

基于同沙水库集水区代表性功能区降雨径流水量、水质的监测,评价分析了东莞降雨径流污染输出过程、污染状况及初始冲刷效应等污染特征,根据径流污染负荷分配规律探讨了初期雨水截留参考标准,并应用主成分分析得出影响降雨径流污染负荷的主要因素.研究结果表明,同沙水库集水区降雨径流污染浓度值接近典型生活污水的浓度值,污染负荷较高,对同沙水库水质有严重的影响.降雨径流污染输出有较显著的时间特征且受降雨特征因素的影响,存在中等的初期冲刷效应.影响污染负荷的主因子是最大雨强、雨前干期长度、不透水率.采用FF40作为初期径流截留参考值,截留初期40%的径流比截留整场降雨径流更为经济、有效.     

重庆市不同材质屋面径流水质特性

2010年雨季对重庆市6场降雨时段的屋面径流进行采样监测,分析了水泥屋面和瓦屋面径流污染物的出流过程和初始冲刷现象,并且运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对径流水质的影响.结果表明:2种材质屋面径流水质参数中CODCr和TN的次降雨平均浓度(EMC,以ρ计)均超出GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅴ类标准,为屋面径流主要污染物.水泥屋面的CODCr、TN、NO3--N、TSS、Cu和Zn的EMC明显高于瓦屋面,分别高出1.63、1.57、1.15、1.70、1.50和1.88倍.在水泥屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)变化幅度大于瓦屋面,并且其峰值滞后或同步于最大雨强;在瓦屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)的峰值提前或同步于最大雨强.瓦屋面各污染物FF30(初期30%径流携带的污染负荷)的平均值均高于水泥屋面;水泥屋面各污染物(除Zn和Cd外)FF30的标准差均高于瓦屋面.各污染物的EMC与降雨量、平均雨强、径流量和最大雨强呈负相关;溶解态重金属的EMC与前期晴天数呈负相关,其余指标均与前期晴天数呈正相关.      

城市降雨屋面径流污染分析和管理控制

城市屋面是城市不透水面积的一个重要组成部分,屋面径流是城市非点源污染的一个重要来源。分析国外对屋面径流水质研究情况并结合自己的实验结果发现,屋面径流水质含有的污染物浓度较高。实验研究表明不同屋面材料、屋面的使用时间长短、位于不同功能区的屋面其径流中污染物浓度存在有很大的差异,其大致的规律是混凝土屋面径流的污染指标基本上都比较高,屋面使用的年载越长,其径流中污染物浓度相对越高,靠近交通要道的屋面,径流中污染物浓度都较高。用无量纲累积污染物量与累积径流量的比值方法分析初始冲刷效应,发现屋面径流初始冲刷比较明显。屋面径流处理后实现再利用,处理过程简单,可以成为城市用水的一个重要来源。     

冶金企业煤气中毒防护与急救

论述了冶金生产过程中煤气中毒的原因，提出了预防措施和抢救方法。     

Evaluation of seasonal scale first flush pollutant loading and implications for urban runoff management

This study investigated how the occurrence and magnitude of first flush events in stormwater may influence the effective management of urban runoff pollution. To facilitate the understanding of the first flush phenomenon on a seasonal scale, the City of San Jose, CA carried out an investigation between May 1997 and April 2000 to characterize concentrations of pollutants in local waterbodies during eight storm events. The purpose of the investigation was twofold: (1) To determine if concentrations of specific constituents in stormwater runoff are elevated during the first substantial storm of the wet season, and (2) To identify the physical and environmental conditions surrounding such events. Concentration data for total and dissolved metals, pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anions, total suspended solids, total organic carbon, conductivity, gasoline and diesel, and volatile and semi-volatile organics were collected at over 25 sites. Monitoring data analysis focused on identifying physical and environmental conditions yielding increased levels of pollutants during the first substantial storms of the rainy season compared to other storm events. Quantitative analysis focused on metals and anions because most observations for other constituents were below detectable levels. The results suggest that first flush phenomena did not occur consistently throughout most of the stations investigated. The results further suggest that there are specific combinations of site and storm conditions that result in a first flush effect with respect to dissolved metals. Based on the results of this and related investigations, implications for urban runoff management are discussed. For example, if dissolved metals are of principal concern, it may be worthwhile to optimize existing control strategies to minimize pollutant loading from storms that are preceded by an extended dry period.     

"生态优先"原则指导下的南沙湿地资源开发利用与保护

南沙由于其优越的地理位置和丰富的资源,对于广州的发展有着重要的战略作用.南沙开发规划提出了＂生态优先＂的原则,以实现经济与生态保护的双赢.在介绍了生态优先原则内涵的基础上,提出生态优先的实现要依据生态调查结果,评价生态价值并进行生态规划.以此为思路,对南沙湿地资源开发利用生态优先的实现进行了探讨,认为可以通过绝对生态优先与相对生态优先两个角度来实现,根据不同的优先程度提出建立保护区、提高科技与管理水平、适度开发利用等.